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A guildhall, also known as a "guild hall" or "guild house", is a historical building originally used for tax collecting by municipalities or merchants in
Great Britain Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island and the ninth-largest island in the world. It is ...
and the
Low Countries The term Low Countries, also known as the Low Lands ( nl, de Lage Landen, french: les Pays-Bas, lb, déi Niddereg Lännereien) and historically called the Netherlands ( nl, de Nederlanden), Flanders, or Belgica, is a coastal lowland region in N ...
. These buildings commonly become town halls and in some cases
museum A museum ( ; plural museums or, rarely, musea) is a building or institution that cares for and displays a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance. Many public museums make these ...
s while retaining their original names.


Guildhalls as town hall in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, a guildhall is usually a
town hall In local government, a city hall, town hall, civic centre (in the UK or Australia), guildhall, or a municipal building (in the Philippines), is the chief administrative building of a city, town, or other municipality. It usually houses ...
: in the vast majority of cases, the guildhalls have never served as the meeting place of any specific guild. A suggested etymology is from the
Anglo Saxon The Anglo-Saxons were a cultural group who inhabited England in the Early Middle Ages. They traced their origins to settlers who came to Britain from mainland Europe in the 5th century. However, the ethnogenesis of the Anglo-Saxons happened wit ...
"''gild'', or "payment"; the guildhall being where citizens came to pay their rates. The London Guildhall was established around 1120. For the Scottish municipal equivalent see
tolbooth A tolbooth or town house was the main municipal building of a Scottish burgh, from medieval times until the 19th century. The tolbooth usually provided a council meeting chamber, a court house and a jail. The tolbooth was one of three essen ...
.


List of guildhalls in the United Kingdom

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Andover Guildhall Andover Guildhall is a municipal building in the High Street, Andover, Hampshire, England. The guildhall, which was the headquarters of Andover Borough Council, is a Grade II* listed building. History The first guildhall in Andover was built in ...
* Barnstaple Guildhall * Bath Guildhall *
Beverley Guildhall The Guildhall is a municipal facility at Register Square in Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is a Grade I listed building. History The building, which dates back to 1320, was acquired from a householder, Edward Mynskyp, for use a ...
*
Bewdley Guildhall Bewdley Guildhall is a municipal building in Load Street in Bewdley, Worcestershire, England. The structure, which is the meeting place of Bewdley Town Council, is a Grade II* listed building. History The first municipal building in the town wa ...
*
Blakeney Guildhall Blakeney Guildhall is a building in the coastal village of Blakeney, Norfolk, Blakeney in the north of the county of Norfolk. The property is in the care of English Heritage but is managed by the local parish council. Blakeney is just off the A14 ...
*
Boston Guildhall Boston Guildhall is a former municipal building in Boston, Lincolnshire. It currently serves as a local museum and also as a venue for civil ceremonies and private functions. It is a Grade I listed building. History St. Mary's Guild in Boston wa ...
* Brecon Guildhall *
Bristol Guildhall Bristol Guildhall is a municipal building in Broad Street, Bristol, England. It is a Grade II* listed building. It was built in the 1840s on the site of the previous guildhall and used as a courthouse from the 1860s to 1993. Various plans for it ...
*
Bury St Edmunds Guildhall Bury St Edmunds Guildhall is a municipal building in the Guildhall Street, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. It is a Grade I listed building. History The Guildhall is one of the largest and most impressive secular medieval buildings in the country, a ...
*
Cambridge Guildhall Cambridge Guildhall is a civic building in the centre of the historic city of Cambridge, England. It includes two halls, ''The Large Hall'' and ''The Small Hall'', and is used for many disparate events such as comedy acts, conferences, craft fai ...
*
Canterbury Guildhall Canterbury Guildhall, formerly the Church of the Holy Cross, is a municipal building in St Peter's Place in Canterbury, Kent, England. The structure, which is the meeting place of Canterbury City Council, is a Grade II* listed building. History ...
* Cardigan Guildhall *
Carmarthen Guildhall Carmarthen Guildhall ( cy, Neuadd y Dref Caerfyrddin) is a municipal structure in Guildhall Square, Carmarthen, Wales. The guildhall, which was the headquarters of Carmarthen Borough Council, is a Grade I listed building. History The building ...
* Chard Guildhall * Chester Guildhall *
Chichester Guildhall Chichester Guildhall is a building in Chichester, West Sussex, England. The name is a bit of a misnomer, as the building was constructed as a chancel by the Grey Friars of Chichester, an Order of Franciscans. The Grey Friars received the land, no ...
*
Conwy Guildhall Conwy Guildhall ( cy, Neuadd y Dref Conwy) is a municipal structure in Rose Hill Street, Conwy, Wales. The guildhall, which is the meeting place of Conwy Town Council, is a Grade II listed building. History The first building on the site was a ...
*
Derby Guildhall Derby Guildhall is a municipal building in the Market Place, Derby, England. It is a Grade II listed building. History A moot hall was first established in the Market Place area in 1204. This was replaced by a timber and plaster guildhall in 15 ...
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Devonport Guildhall Devonport Guildhall is a municipal building that served as a municipal hall, courthouse, mortuary, and police station, located in the municipal centre of the town of Devonport, in Plymouth, Devon, England. The site fell into disrepair and si ...
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Derry Guildhall The Guildhall in Derry, Northern Ireland, is a guildhall in which the elected members of Derry City and Strabane District Council meet. It is a Grade A listed building. History The current building was preceded by an earlier town hall called ...
*
Exeter Guildhall Exeter Guildhall on the High Street of Exeter, Devon, England has been the centre of civic government for the city for at least 600 years. Much of the fabric of the building is medieval, though the elaborate frontage was added in the 1590s ...
*
Faversham Guildhall Faversham Guildhall is a municipal building in the Market Place in Faversham, Kent, England. The structure, which was the meeting place of Faversham Borough Council, is a Grade II* listed building. History The first guildhall in Faversham was a ...
*
Gloucester Guildhall Gloucester Guildhall is a former municipal building in Eastgate Street, Gloucester, which is now used as a arts and theatre venue. It is a Grade II listed building. History The original town hall, known as "the Tolsey" meaning "town hall", was ...
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Grantham Guildhall Grantham Guildhall is a municipal building on St Peter's Hill, Grantham, Lincolnshire, England. It is a Grade II listed building. History The building was commissioned to replace the aging guildhall and jail on the corner of Guildhall Street a ...
*
Guildford Guildhall The Guildford Guildhall is a Guildhall located on the High Street of the town of Guildford, Surrey. It is a Grade I listed building. History The Guildhall, which was initially used as a courtroom, was built around 1550. It was substantially ...
*
Helston Guildhall Helston Guildhall, also known as Helston Town Hall, is a municipal building in Church Street, Helston, Cornwall, England. The structure, which is the meeting place of Helston Town Council, is a Grade II* listed building. History The first munic ...
*
High Wycombe Guildhall The High Wycombe Guildhall is a public building located on the High Street of High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, England. It is a Grade I listed building. It was designed by Henry Keene (architect), Henry Keene and completed in 1757. History A me ...
*
Hull Guildhall The Guildhall is a building on Alfred Gelder Street in the City of Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The building is currently the headquarters of Hull City Council but is also used as a venue for conferences, civic recepti ...
* King's Lynn Guildhall *
Kingston upon Thames Guildhall The Kingston upon Thames Guildhall is a municipal building in Kingston upon Thames in England. It is situated in the High Street, adjacent to the Hogsmill River. The guildhall, which is the headquarters of Kingston upon Thames London Borough Co ...
*
Lavenham Guildhall Lavenham Guildhall is a timber-framed municipal building in Lavenham, Suffolk, England. It is Grade I listed. History By the late 14th century, Lavenham was at the centre of the East Anglian woollen cloth trade. Its specialised production of w ...
*
Leicester Guildhall The Guildhall in Leicester, England, is a timber framed building, with the earliest part dating from c. 1390. The Guildhall once acted as the town hall for the city until the Leicester Town Hall, current one was commissioned in 1876. It is locat ...
* Lichfield Guildhall * Lincoln Guildhall *
Liskeard Guildhall Liskeard Guildhall is a municipal building in Pike Street, Liskeard, Cornwall, England. The structure, which was the meeting place of Liskeard Borough Council, is a Grade II* listed building. History The first municipal building in the town was ...
*
London Guildhall Guildhall is a municipal building in the Moorgate area of the City of London, England. It is off Gresham and Basinghall streets, in the wards of Bassishaw and Cheap. The building has been used as a town hall for several hundred years, and i ...
*
Middlesex Guildhall The Middlesex Guildhall is the home of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. It stands on the south-west corner of Parliament Square in London. It is a Grade II* listed building. Constructe ...
*
Much Wenlock Guildhall The Much Wenlock Guildhall is a guildhall located on Wilmore Street in Much Wenlock, Shropshire. It is a Grade II* listed building. History In the aftermath of the dissolution of the monasteries, which saw the powers of Wenlock Priory suppre ...
* Newcastle-under-Lyme Guildhall * Newcastle upon Tyne Guildhall * Merchant Adventurers' Hall, York *
Newport Guildhall, Isle of Wight Newport Guildhall is a municipal structure in the High Street in Newport, Isle of Wight, England. The guildhall, which was the headquarters of Newport Borough Council, is a Grade II* listed building. History The first municipal building in New ...
* Newport Guildhall, Shropshire *
Northampton Guildhall Northampton Guildhall is a municipal building in St Giles' Square in Northampton, England. It is a Grade II* listed building. History The first guildhall in Northampton was a 12th-century building at the junction of Gold Street and Horsemark ...
*
Norwich Guildhall Norwich Guildhall is a municipal building on Gaol Hill in the city of Norwich, United Kingdom. It is a Grade I listed building. History The guildhall was commissioned after King Henry IV awarded a charter to the City of Norwich giving it auto ...
*
Oswestry Guildhall Oswestry Guildhall is a municipal building in Bailey Head in Oswestry, Shropshire, England. The structure, which was the meeting place of Oswestry Municipal Borough Council, is a Grade II listed building. History The first guildhall in the town ...
*
Peterborough Guildhall Peterborough Guildhall is a municipal building in Cathedral Square, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, England. It is a Grade II* listed building. History The current structure replaced a medieval In the history of Europe, the Middle Age ...
* Plymouth Guildhall * Poole Guildhall *
Portsmouth Guildhall Portsmouth Guildhall is a multi-use building in the centre of Portsmouth, UK, located on a pedestrian square close to the Portsmouth and Southsea railway station. Constructed in 1890, the building was known as Portsmouth Town Hall until 1926. It ...
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Preston Guildhall Preston Guild Hall is an entertainment venue in Preston, Lancashire, England. History The Guild Hall was commissioned to replace the town's Public Hall. The new building, which was designed by Robert Matthew, Johnson Marshall, was due to be rea ...
*
Rochester Guildhall The Rochester Guildhall is an historic building located in the High Street in Rochester, Kent, England. It is a Grade I listed building. History The first guildhall in Rochester was located further south along the High Street on a site where t ...
*
Salisbury Guildhall Salisbury Guildhall is an 18th-century municipal building in the Market Place, Salisbury, England. The building, which is the meeting place of the Salisbury City Council, is a Grade II* listed building. History The first guildhall, known as th ...
*
Saltash Guildhall Saltash Guildhall is a municipal building in Fore Street, Saltash, Cornwall, England. The structure, which was the meeting place of Saltash Borough Council, is a Grade II listed building. History The first municipal building in Saltash was a sm ...
*
Southampton Guildhall Southampton Guildhall (branded the O2 Guildhall Southampton) is a multipurpose venue which forms the East Wing of the Civic Centre in Southampton, England. There are three venues in the Guildhall catering for various event formats: the Guildhall ...
* South Molton Guildhall * St Ives Guildhall * St Mary's Guildhall, Coventry * Stratford-upon-Avon Guildhall *
Swansea Guildhall The Guildhall ( cy, Guildhall Abertawe) is one of the main office buildings of the City and County of Swansea Council. The Guildhall complex, which includes the City Hall, Brangwyn Hall (concert hall) and the County Law Courts for Swansea, is a ...
*
Thaxted Guildhall Thaxted Guildhall is a municipal building in Thaxted, Essex, England. It is a Grade I listed building. History By the late 14th century, Thaxted was at the centre of the local cutlery trade. It is thought that the Guild of Cutlers contributed to ...
*
Thetford Guildhall Thetford Guildhall is a municipal structure in the Market Place in Thetford, Norfolk, England. The town hall, which was the headquarters of Thetford Borough Council, is a Grade II listed building. History The first building on the site was the ...
* Totnes Guildhall * Weymouth Guildhall *
Winchester Guildhall Winchester Guildhall is a municipal building in the High Street, Winchester, Hampshire. It is a Grade II listed building. History The site was previously occupied by St Mary's Abbey and came under crown control on the dissolution of the monas ...
*
Windsor Guildhall The Windsor Guildhall is the town hall of Windsor, Berkshire, England. It is situated in the High Street, about from Castle Hill, which leads to the main public entrance to Windsor Castle. It is a Grade I listed building. History A deed o ...
*
Worcester Guildhall The Worcester Guildhall is a municipal building in the High Street, Worcester, England. It is a Grade I listed building. History The first guildhall on the site was a timber-framed structure constructed as a meeting place for local merchants i ...
*
York Guildhall York Guildhall is a municipal building located behind York's Mansion House. It is a Grade I listed building. History The building was constructed as a meeting place for the City's guilds between 1449 and 1459. King Richard III was entertai ...
File:Windsorguildhall.jpg,
Windsor Guildhall The Windsor Guildhall is the town hall of Windsor, Berkshire, England. It is situated in the High Street, about from Castle Hill, which leads to the main public entrance to Windsor Castle. It is a Grade I listed building. History A deed o ...
in
Windsor, Berkshire Windsor is a historic market town and unparished area in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire, England. It is the site of Windsor Castle, one of the official residences of the British monarch. The town is situated west of ...
also served as market, town hall and courtroom File:London Guildhall.jpg,
Guildhall, London Guildhall is a municipal building in the Moorgate area of the City of London, England. It is off Gresham and Basinghall streets, in the wards of Bassishaw and Cheap. The building has been used as a town hall for several hundred years, and is ...
, in the
City of London The City of London is a city, ceremonial county and local government district that contains the historic centre and constitutes, alongside Canary Wharf, the primary central business district (CBD) of London. It constituted most of London fr ...
, is the seat of the
Corporation of London The City of London Corporation, officially and legally the Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of the City of London, is the municipal governing body of the City of London, the historic centre of London and the location of much of the United King ...
, the governing body of the city. File:Northampton Guildhall.jpg, Guildhall, Northampton File:Guildhall, Chester.jpg, Guildhall, Chester


Guild halls as meeting houses for guilds

A type of guild was known in Roman times. Known as ''collegium'', ''collegia'' or ''corpus'', these were organised groups of merchants who specialised in a particular craft and whose membership of the group was voluntary. One such example is the ''corpus naviculariorum'', the college of long-distance shippers based at Rome's port, Ostia Antica. The Roman guilds failed to survive the collapse of the Roman Empire. Merchant
guilds A guild ( ) is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradesmen belonging to a professional association. They sometimes ...
were reinvented during Europe's Medieval period. In England, these guilds went by many different names including: fraternity, brotherhood, college, company, corporation, fellowship, livery, or society, amongst other terms. In Europe, merchant guilds were known as natie, consulado or hansa. A fraternity, formed by the merchants of Tiel in Gelderland (present-day Netherlands), in 1020 is believed to be the first example of a Medieval guild. The first instance of usage of the term, "guild", was the ''gilda mercatoria'' used to describe a body of merchants operating out of St. Omer, France in the 11th century and London's ''
Hanse The Hanseatic League (; gml, Hanse, , ; german: label= Modern German, Deutsche Hanse) was a medieval commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe. Growing from a few North German ...
'' was formed in the 12th century. The merchants of Cologne had their house in London as early as 1157 and the Guilda Teutonicorum (German merchants warehouse) was located at Cosin Lane and Thames Street in London on the 12th century. These guilds controlled the way that trade was conducted in their region and codified rules governing the conditions of trade. Once established, merchant guild rules were often incorporated into the charters granted to
market town A market town is a settlement most common in Europe that obtained by custom or royal charter, in the Middle Ages, a market right, which allowed it to host a regular market; this distinguished it from a village or city. In Britain, small rural ...
s. By the 13th and 14th centuries, merchant guilds had acquired sufficient resources to erect guild halls in many major market towns. Medieval guild halls were used to store goods and as places for celebratory events. When not required for guild members' events, the hall often became place where townspeople could hold entertainments such as Passion plays. Guild members often cleaned streets, removed rubbish, maintained a nightwatch and provided food relief to the poor. Some medieval guilds allowed market trading to occur on the ground floor of the guildhall. In the
City of London The City of London is a city, ceremonial county and local government district that contains the historic centre and constitutes, alongside Canary Wharf, the primary central business district (CBD) of London. It constituted most of London fr ...
, the guilds are called " livery companies", and their guild halls are called livery halls.


Guildhalls in the Low Countries

The
Low Countries The term Low Countries, also known as the Low Lands ( nl, de Lage Landen, french: les Pays-Bas, lb, déi Niddereg Lännereien) and historically called the Netherlands ( nl, de Nederlanden), Flanders, or Belgica, is a coastal lowland region in N ...
used to have guildhalls in every city, often one ''gildenhuis'' (Dutch, literally "guild house") for each trade. They were often elaborate, ornate buildings, demonstrating the guild's status. Occasionally a single hall would be used by all the city's guilds. The guildhall was used as the offices of the ''deken'' (deacon) and other guild officers, and for meetings by the ''overlieden'' (board of directors). The guild members would occasionally be called to the guildhall for meetings on important matters.Johannes Gouw, ''De gilden: eene bijdrage tot de geschiedenis van het volksleven''. Portielje & Zoon, 1866, p. 38 (Dutch) In
Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the Capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population ...
, every guildhall had its ''gildeknecht'' (guild servant), often the guild's youngest member, and was guarded by a ''gildehond'' (guild dog). Every evening, the guild brothers gathered in the tavern room of the guildhall to discuss the events of the day while the ''gildeknecht'' served beer. Once a year, the guildmen would gather in the guildhall for a communal
meal A meal is an eating occasion that takes place at a certain time and includes consumption of food. The names used for specific meals in English vary, depending on the speaker's culture, the time of day, or the size of the meal. Although they ca ...
. The guildhall of the merchants' guild also served as de facto
commodity market A commodity market is a market that trades in the primary economic sector rather than manufactured products, such as cocoa, fruit and sugar. Hard commodities are mined, such as gold and oil. Futures contracts are the oldest way of investin ...
. Therefore, there was no need in the
Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...
for a separate building for this purpose. In the Low Countries, each guildhall was marked by the coat of arms of that guild, hanging from the facade of the building. Occasionally, the coat of arms was replaced with a
gable stone Gable stones (Dutch ''gevelstenen'') are carved and often colourfully painted stone tablets, which are set into the walls of buildings, usually at about 4 metres from the ground. They serve both to identify and embellish the building. They are al ...
depicting a member of the guild, surrounded by the tools of his trade.


In Belgium

* The ''Round Table'' (or ''Tafelrond'', in Dutch) in
Leuven Leuven (, ) or Louvain (, , ; german: link=no, Löwen ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is located about east of Brussels. The municipality itself comprises the historic ...
. Designed 1479 by
Matheus de Layens Matheus de Layens (d. Leuven, 3 December 1483) was a Brabantine architect from the 15th century. He was employed in Leuven from 1433, first under the architect Sulpitius van Vorst (d. 1439), and afterwards under Jan Keldermans II, whom he succ ...
, guildhall built 1480–1487 internally comprising three houses, demolished 1817, reconstructed following original plans 1921. The old building's meeting rooms had been let to the guilds; the new had been in use by a bank and became a personal private property. * House ''The Salmon'' (or ''De Zalm'', in Dutch) in
Mechelen Mechelen (; french: Malines ; traditional English name: MechlinMechelen has been known in English as ''Mechlin'', from where the adjective ''Mechlinian'' is derived. This name may still be used, especially in a traditional or historical contex ...
. Built c. 1530 in early
Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas ...
style by architect Willem van Wechtere for the prosperous fishermen's guild, it is one of the city's finest historical houses. The artist (1839–1919) used to live there. In the mid-20th century it became city property and held a museum, then the Tourist Information Office, and later again a museum. * In Brussels, the
Grand-Place The Grand-Place (French, ; "Grand Square"; also used in English) or Grote Markt (Dutch, ; "Big Market") is the central square of Brussels, Belgium. It is surrounded by opulent Baroque guildhalls of the former Guilds of Brussels and two larger ...
is famous for its many
Baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...
guildhalls, each one belonging to one of the former
Guilds of Brussels The Guilds of Brussels (french: Guildes de Bruxelles, nl, Gilden van Brussel), grouped in the Nine Nations of Brussels (french: Neuf Nations de Bruxelles, nl, Negen Naties van Brussel), were associations of craft guilds that dominated the ec ...
. File:Makelaers Comptoir 1.jpg, The Makelaers Comptoir (brokers' guildhall) in
Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the Capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population ...
File:Grand Place 1-7 during civil twilight, Brussels (DSCF1982).jpg,
Grand-Place The Grand-Place (French, ; "Grand Square"; also used in English) or Grote Markt (Dutch, ; "Big Market") is the central square of Brussels, Belgium. It is surrounded by opulent Baroque guildhalls of the former Guilds of Brussels and two larger ...
of Brussels. From right to left: Le Roy d'Espagne, La Brouette, Le Sac, La Louve, Le Cornet and Le Renard. File:Antwerpen, Gildehäuser.jpg, Guildhalls at the ''Grote Markt'' in
Antwerp Antwerp (; nl, Antwerpen ; french: Anvers ; es, Amberes) is the largest city in Belgium by area at and the capital of Antwerp Province in the Flemish Region. With a population of 520,504,
File:Leuven, Belgium - panoramio (6).jpg, The Round Table (''Tafelrond'') at the ''Grote Markt'' in
Leuven Leuven (, ) or Louvain (, , ; german: link=no, Löwen ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is located about east of Brussels. The municipality itself comprises the historic ...


See also

*
Company of Merchant Adventurers of London The Company of Merchant Adventurers of London was a trading company founded in the City of London in the early 15th century. It brought together leading merchants in a regulated company in the nature of a guild. Its members' main business was exp ...
*
Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands The Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands was an early joint stock association, which began with private exploration and enterprise, and was to have been incorporated by King Edward VI Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was ...
*
Germania (guild) (in Catalan; literally "brotherhoods") were guilds of artisans in the Kingdom of Valencia in Spain. Each ''germania'' () represented a single trade. The ''germanies'' are similar to the (also "brotherhoods", but in Castilian Spanish) of Castil ...
*
Guild A guild ( ) is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradesmen belonging to a professional association. They sometimes ...


References


External links

* * * {{Wiktionary inline Seats of local government